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|primeminister = |predecessor = Muhammad Naguib |successor = Anwar Sadat |office2 = Prime Minister of Egypt |president2 = Himself |term_start2 = 19 June 1967 |term_end2 = 28 September 1970 |predecessor2 = Muhammad Sedki Sulayman |successor2 = Mahmoud Fawzi |president3 = Muhammad Naguib Himself |term_start3 = 18 April 1954 |term_end3 = 29 September 1962 |predecessor3 = Muhammad Naguib |successor3 = Ali Sabri |president4 = Muhammad Naguib |term_start4 = 25 February 1954 |term_end4 = 8 March 1954 |predecessor4 = Muhammad Naguib |successor4 = Muhammad Naguib |office5 = Deputy Prime Minister of Egypt |primeminister5 = Muhammad Naguib |term_start5 = 8 March 1954 |term_end5 = 18 April 1954 |predecessor5 = Gamal Salem |successor5 = Gamal Salem |primeminister6 = Muhammad Naguib |term_start6 = 18 June 1953 |term_end6 = 25 February 1954 |predecessor6 = Sulayman Hafez |successor6 = Gamal Salem |office7 = Minister of the Interior |primeminister7 = Muhammad Naguib |term_start7 = 18 June 1953 |term_end7 = 25 February 1954 |predecessor7 = Sulayman Hafez |successor7 = Zakaria Mohieddin |office8 = Chairman of the Revolutionary Command Council |term_start8 = 14 November 1954 |term_end8 = 23 June 1956 |predecessor8 = Muhammad Naguib |successor8 = ''Post abolished'' |office9 = Secretary General of the Non-Aligned Movement |term_start9 = 5 October 1964 |term_end9 = 8 September 1970 |predecessor9 = Josip Broz Tito |successor9 = Kenneth Kaunda |office10 = Chairman of the Organisation of African Unity |term_start10 = 17 July 1964 |term_end10 = 21 October 1965 |predecessor10 = Haile Selassie I |successor10 = Kwame Nkrumah | birth_date = | birth_place = Alexandria, Sultanate of Egypt (now Egypt) | death_date = | death_place = Cairo, Egypt | nationality = Egyptian | spouse = Tahia Kazem | children = Hoda Mona Khalid Abdel Hamid Abdel Hakim | party = Arab Socialist Union | profession = Lawyer | religion = Sunni Islam | allegiance = Egypt | branch = Egyptian Army | serviceyears = 1938–1952 | rank = 25px Colonel | battles = 1948 Arab–Israeli War |signature = Nasser(PresidentofEgypt).jpg }} Gamal Abdel Nasser Hussein ((アラビア語:جمال عبد الناصر حسين), ; 15 January 1918 – 28 September 1970) was the second President of Egypt, serving from 1956 until his death. A leader of the Egyptian Revolution of 1952 against the monarchy, he introduced neutralist foreign policies during the Cold War, co-founding the international Non-Aligned Movement. His nationalization of the Suez Canal Company and the brief union he presided over with Syria were acclaimed throughout the Arab world. However, his intervention in the North Yemen Civil War was largely unsuccessful and his prestige took a blow with Egypt's defeat in the Six-Day War. Nasser led the 1952 overthrow of the monarchy and introduced far-reaching land reforms the following year. Following a 1954 Muslim Brotherhood-led attempt on his life, he cracked down on the organization, put President Muhammad Naguib under house arrest, and assumed executive office, officially becoming president in June 1956. Nasser's nationalization of the Suez Canal and his emergence as the political victor from the subsequent Suez Crisis substantially elevated his popularity in Egypt and the Arab world. Calls for pan-Arab unity under his leadership increased, culminating with the formation of the United Arab Republic with Syria (1958–1961). In 1962, Nasser began a series of major socialist measures and modernization reforms in Egypt. Despite setbacks to his pan-Arabist cause, by 1963 Nasser's supporters gained power in several Arab countries and he became embroiled in the North Yemen Civil War. He began his second presidential term in March 1965 after his political opponents were banned from running. Following Egypt's concessions to Israel in the 1967 Six-Day War, Nasser resigned, but he returned to office after popular demonstrations called for his reinstatement. By 1968, Nasser had appointed himself prime minister, launched the War of Attrition to regain lost territory, began a process of depoliticizing the military, and issued a set of political liberalization reforms. After the conclusion of the 1970 Arab League summit, Nasser suffered a heart attack and died. His funeral in Cairo drew five million mourners and an outpouring of grief across the Arab world. Nasser remains an iconic figure in the Arab world, particularly for his strides towards social justice and Arab unity, modernization policies, and anti-imperialist efforts. His presidency also encouraged and coincided with an Egyptian cultural boom, and launched large industrial projects, including the Aswan Dam and Helwan City. Nasser's detractors criticize his authoritarianism, his government's human rights violations, his populist relationship with the citizenry, and his failure to establish civil institutions, blaming his legacy for future dictatorial governance in Egypt. Historians describe Nasser as a towering political figure of the Middle East in the 20th century. ==Early life== Gamal Abdel Nasser was born on 15 January 1918 in Bakos, Alexandria, the first son of Fahima and Abdel Nasser Hussein. Nasser's father was a postal worker born in Beni Mur in Upper Egypt and raised in Alexandria,〔 and his mother's family came from Mallawi, el-Minya. His parents married in 1917,〔 and later had two more boys, Izz al-Arab and al-Leithi.〔 Nasser's biographers Robert Stephens and Said Aburish wrote that Nasser's family believed strongly in the "Arab notion of glory", since the name of Nasser's brother, Izz al-Arab, translates to "Glory of the Arabs"—a rare name in Egypt. Nasser's family traveled frequently due to his father's work. In 1921, they moved to Asyut and, in 1923, to Khatatba, where Nasser's father ran a post office. Nasser attended a primary school for the children of railway employees until 1924, when he was sent to live with his paternal uncle in Cairo, and to attend the Nahhasin elementary school. Nasser exchanged letters with his mother and visited her on holidays. He stopped receiving messages at the end of April 1926. Upon returning to Khatatba, he learned that his mother had died after giving birth to his third brother, Shawki, and that his family had kept the news from him. Nasser later stated that "losing her this way was a shock so deep that time failed to remedy". He adored his mother and the injury of her death deepened when his father remarried before the year's end.〔 In 1928, Nasser went to Alexandria to live with his maternal grandfather and attend the city's Attarin elementary school.〔〔 He left in 1929 for a private boarding school in Helwan, and later returned to Alexandria to enter the Ras el-Tin secondary school and to join his father, who was working for the city's postal service.〔〔 It was in Alexandria that Nasser became involved in political activism.〔 After witnessing clashes between protesters and police in Manshia Square,〔 he joined the demonstration without being aware of its purpose. The protest, organized by the ultranationalist Young Egypt Society, called for the end of colonialism in Egypt in the wake of the 1923 Egyptian constitution's annulment by Prime Minister Isma'il Sidqi.〔 Nasser was arrested and detained for a night before his father bailed him out.〔 When his father was transferred to Cairo in 1933, Nasser joined him and attended al-Nahda al-Masria school.〔 He took up acting in school plays for a brief period and wrote articles for the school's paper, including a piece on French philosopher Voltaire titled "Voltaire, the Man of Freedom".〔〔 On 13 November 1935, Nasser led a student demonstration against British rule, protesting against a statement made four days prior by UK foreign minister Samuel Hoare that rejected prospects for the 1923 Constitution's restoration.〔 Two protesters were killed and Nasser received a graze to the head from a policeman's bullet.〔 The incident garnered his first mention in the press: the nationalist newspaper ''Al Gihad'' reported that Nasser led the protest and was among the wounded.〔 On 12 December, the new king, Farouk, issued a decree restoring the constitution.〔 Nasser's involvement in political activity increased throughout his school years, such that he only attended 45 days of classes during his last year of secondary school. Despite having the almost unanimous backing of Egypt's political forces, Nasser strongly objected to the 1936 Anglo-Egyptian Treaty because it stipulated the continued presence of British military bases in the country.〔 Consequently, political unrest in Egypt declined significantly and Nasser resumed his studies at al-Nahda,〔 where he received his leaving certificate later that year.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Gamal Abdel Nasser」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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